After reading this series (Part-1 and Part-2), you will be able to solve all the questions that are asked by SSC from this topic.
(1) The basic concept of CI and SI
Let's say you have Rs. 30000 and you keep this money in three different banks for 2 years(Rs. 10000 each). The three banks have different policy :
a) Bank A keeps your money at simple interest and offers you 5% interest
b) Bank B keeps your money at compound interest and offers you 5% interest. The interest is compounded annually.
Bank C keeps your money at compound interest and offers you 5% interest. The interest is compounded half-yearly.
After 2 years, which bank will give you most interest?
Let us calculate
Case (A)
Simple interest is calculated simply as (P*R*T)/100
Here P= 10000, r = 5% and T = 2 years
T = 2 years. Let's divide this period in two equal intervals of 1 year each
Hence SI received for the period 0 to 1 = 10000*5*1/100 = Rs. 500
SI received for the period 1 to 2 = 10000*5*1/100 = Rs. 500
So after 2 years, you will get Rs. 10000 + 500 + 500 = Rs. 11000
Note : Simple Interest is proportional. The interest received is same each year. So in the above example where SI was Rs. 500 for 1 years, that will mean the SI for 3 years is Rs. 1500, the SI for 5 years is Rs. 2500 and so on.
Case (B)
Compounded annually means whatever interest you will earn on first year, that interest will be added to the principal to calculate the interest for 2nd year. Let us see how
We know the CI formula is, Amount = P(1 + r/100)^t (where Amount = P + CI)
CI received for the period 0 to 1 = Amount - Principal = 10000(1 + 5/100)^1 - 10000= Rs. 500
Now the amount received after 1 year will act as the Principal for calculating the Amount for next year
For calculating the amount for second year, you won't take P as 10000, but as Rs. 10500. So unlike SI where the interest was same each year, in CI the interest increases every year (because the principal increases every year)
CI received for the period 1 to 2 = Amount - Principal = 10500(1 + 5/100)^1 - 10500 = Rs. 525
Total interest received after two years = Rs. 500 + Rs. 525 = Rs. 1025
Total amount received after two years = Rs. 11025
Note : In Case (b), to calculate the amount received after 2 years, I had divided the calculation into 2 intervals. It was done just for the sake of explanation. You can calculate the amount received after 2 years directly by 10000(1 + 5/100)^2
Case (C)
Just like case (b), where Principal was getting updated every year, in case (c) we will update the Principal every 6 months (half-year)
Since I have given the explanation in case (b), so in this case I will directly apply the formula
Amount received after 2 years = 10000(1 + 2.5/100)^4 = Rs. 11038 approx.
So sum it up
Case A - amount received after two years= Rs. 11000
Case B - amount received after two years= Rs. 11025
Case C - amount received after two years= Rs. 11038
Case C is giving the maximum return and rightly so because in Case (C) principal is increasing every 6 months.
Important formulas for Compund Interest -
(2) A sum of money becomes x times in T years. In how many years will it become y times?
The approach to solve such questions is different for SI and CI
For SI : Formula = [(y - 1)/(x - 1)] * T
Q. 1) A sum of money becomes three times in 5 years. In how many years will the same sum become 6 times at the same rate of simple interest?
Solution : [(6 - 1)/(3 - 1)] * 5 = 5/2 * 5 = 12.5 years
Answer : 12.5 years
For CI : Formula = (logy/logx) * T
Now dont worry, I wont be asking you to study logarithms :)
But just remember one property of logs and that is enough to solve the questions
log(x y) = y.log(x)
Hence log(8) = log(23) = 3.log(2)
Q. 2) A sum of money kept at compound interest becomes three times in 3 years. In how many years will it be 9 times itself?
Solution : (log9/log3) * 3 ... (1)
log9 = log(32) = 2.log(3)
Put this value in (1)
= 2.log(3)/log(3) * 3
= 2 * 3 = 6 years
Answer : 6 years
(3) Interest for a number of days
Here P = 306.25
R = 15/4 %
T = Number of days/365
Number of days = Count the days from March 3rd to July 27th but omit the first day, i.e., 3rd March
= 28 days(March) + 30 days(April) + 31 days(May) + 30 days(June) + 27 days(July)
= 146 days
We know SI = (P * r * t)/100
Answer : Rs. 4.59
(4) Annual Instalments
This is the most dreaded topic of CI-SI. Before giving you the direct formula, I would like to tell you what actually is the concept of annual instalments(if you only want the formula and not the explanation, you can skip this part. But I would like you to read it)
Suppose you want to purchase an iPhone and its price is Rs. 100000 but you dont have Rs. 1 lakh as of now. What would you do? You have two options - either you can sell your kidney (which most the iphone buyers do :D), or you can go for instalments. But if you want to buy the iPhone through this instalment route, the seller will incur a loss. How? Had you paid Rs. 1 lakh in one go, the seller would have kept that money in his savings account and earned some interest on it. But you will pay this Rs. 1 lakh in instalments and that means the seller will get his Rs. 1 lakh after several years. So the seller is incurring a loss. The seller will compensate for this loss and will charge interest from you.
Now coming to the questions. There are two types of questions and they are bit confusing. In one type, the Amount is given and in another type, Principal is given
Type 1(Amount is given):
Q. 4) What annual installment will discharge a debt of Rs.6450 due in 4 years at 5% simple interest?
When the language the question is like "what annual payment will discharge a debt of ...", it means the Amount is given in the question.
In this question, the Amount(A) is given, i.e., Rs. 6450. So we can apply the formula directly
Here A = 6450, r = 5%, t = 4 years
Solution : 100*6450/[100*4 + 5*4*3/4]
Answer : 1500
Type 2 (Principal is given) :
Q. 5) A sum of Rs. 6450 is borrowed at 5% simple interest and is paid back in 4 equal annual installments. What is amount of each installment?
"Sum borrowed" means Principal.
This question is of Compound Interest and hence we cant apply the direct formula. We will solve this question with the help of the equation we derived earlier.
P(1+r/100)^2 = x(1+r/100) + x
Q. 7) What annual instalment will discharge a loan of Rs. 66000, due in 3 years at 10% Compound Interest?
Solution : Here again the question is of "Compound Interest" and hence we will solve it by equation :
Let each annual instalment be of Rs. x. Note that in this question, amount is given
Amount = x(1 + 10/100)^2 + x(1 + 10/100)^1 + x
66000 = x (1.21 + 1.1 + 1)
So x = Rs. 19939.58
Q. 8) What annual instalment will discharge a loan of Rs. 66000, due in 3 years at 10% Simple Interest?
I have just converted Q.7 into Simple Interest
Now we can either solve it by direct formula, or by equation
By Equation method :
66000 = (x + x*10*2/100) + (x + x*10*1/100) + x
66000 = x(3 + 0.2 + 0.1)
x = Rs. 20000
By Direct formula method :
A = 66000, t = 3, r = 10%
x = 100A/[100t + t(t-1)r/2]
x = 100*66000/[100*3 + 3*2*10/2]
x = 6600000/(300 + 30)
x = Rs. 20000
Don't forget to read Part - 2
To buy the super-hit SSC Hack-Book, follow the below link-
Buy SSC Hack-Book
(1) The basic concept of CI and SI
Let's say you have Rs. 30000 and you keep this money in three different banks for 2 years(Rs. 10000 each). The three banks have different policy :
a) Bank A keeps your money at simple interest and offers you 5% interest
b) Bank B keeps your money at compound interest and offers you 5% interest. The interest is compounded annually.
Bank C keeps your money at compound interest and offers you 5% interest. The interest is compounded half-yearly.
After 2 years, which bank will give you most interest?
Let us calculate
Case (A)
Simple interest is calculated simply as (P*R*T)/100
Here P= 10000, r = 5% and T = 2 years
T = 2 years. Let's divide this period in two equal intervals of 1 year each
Hence SI received for the period 0 to 1 = 10000*5*1/100 = Rs. 500
SI received for the period 1 to 2 = 10000*5*1/100 = Rs. 500
So after 2 years, you will get Rs. 10000 + 500 + 500 = Rs. 11000
Note : Simple Interest is proportional. The interest received is same each year. So in the above example where SI was Rs. 500 for 1 years, that will mean the SI for 3 years is Rs. 1500, the SI for 5 years is Rs. 2500 and so on.
Case (B)
Compounded annually means whatever interest you will earn on first year, that interest will be added to the principal to calculate the interest for 2nd year. Let us see how
We know the CI formula is, Amount = P(1 + r/100)^t (where Amount = P + CI)
CI received for the period 0 to 1 = Amount - Principal = 10000(1 + 5/100)^1 - 10000= Rs. 500
Now the amount received after 1 year will act as the Principal for calculating the Amount for next year
For calculating the amount for second year, you won't take P as 10000, but as Rs. 10500. So unlike SI where the interest was same each year, in CI the interest increases every year (because the principal increases every year)
CI received for the period 1 to 2 = Amount - Principal = 10500(1 + 5/100)^1 - 10500 = Rs. 525
Total interest received after two years = Rs. 500 + Rs. 525 = Rs. 1025
Total amount received after two years = Rs. 11025
Note : In Case (b), to calculate the amount received after 2 years, I had divided the calculation into 2 intervals. It was done just for the sake of explanation. You can calculate the amount received after 2 years directly by 10000(1 + 5/100)^2
Case (C)
Just like case (b), where Principal was getting updated every year, in case (c) we will update the Principal every 6 months (half-year)
Since I have given the explanation in case (b), so in this case I will directly apply the formula
Amount received after 2 years = 10000(1 + 2.5/100)^4 = Rs. 11038 approx.
So sum it up
Case A - amount received after two years= Rs. 11000
Case B - amount received after two years= Rs. 11025
Case C - amount received after two years= Rs. 11038
Case C is giving the maximum return and rightly so because in Case (C) principal is increasing every 6 months.
Important formulas for Compund Interest -
(2) A sum of money becomes x times in T years. In how many years will it become y times?
The approach to solve such questions is different for SI and CI
For SI : Formula = [(y - 1)/(x - 1)] * T
Q. 1) A sum of money becomes three times in 5 years. In how many years will the same sum become 6 times at the same rate of simple interest?
Solution : [(6 - 1)/(3 - 1)] * 5 = 5/2 * 5 = 12.5 years
Answer : 12.5 years
For CI : Formula = (logy/logx) * T
Now dont worry, I wont be asking you to study logarithms :)
But just remember one property of logs and that is enough to solve the questions
log(x y) = y.log(x)
Hence log(8) = log(23) = 3.log(2)
Q. 2) A sum of money kept at compound interest becomes three times in 3 years. In how many years will it be 9 times itself?
Solution : (log9/log3) * 3 ... (1)
log9 = log(32) = 2.log(3)
Put this value in (1)
= 2.log(3)/log(3) * 3
= 2 * 3 = 6 years
Answer : 6 years
(3) Interest for a number of days
Q. 3)
Here P = 306.25
R = 15/4 %
T = Number of days/365
Number of days = Count the days from March 3rd to July 27th but omit the first day, i.e., 3rd March
= 28 days(March) + 30 days(April) + 31 days(May) + 30 days(June) + 27 days(July)
= 146 days
We know SI = (P * r * t)/100
Answer : Rs. 4.59
(4) Annual Instalments
This is the most dreaded topic of CI-SI. Before giving you the direct formula, I would like to tell you what actually is the concept of annual instalments(if you only want the formula and not the explanation, you can skip this part. But I would like you to read it)
Suppose you want to purchase an iPhone and its price is Rs. 100000 but you dont have Rs. 1 lakh as of now. What would you do? You have two options - either you can sell your kidney (which most the iphone buyers do :D), or you can go for instalments. But if you want to buy the iPhone through this instalment route, the seller will incur a loss. How? Had you paid Rs. 1 lakh in one go, the seller would have kept that money in his savings account and earned some interest on it. But you will pay this Rs. 1 lakh in instalments and that means the seller will get his Rs. 1 lakh after several years. So the seller is incurring a loss. The seller will compensate for this loss and will charge interest from you.
Let the annual instalment be Rs. x. and you pay it for 4 years.
After 1 year you will pay Rs. x and the seller will immediately put this money in his savings account (or somewhere else) to earn interest. He will earn interest on this Rs. x at the rate of r% for 3 years (because the total duration is 4 years and 1 year has already passed)
Hence the amount which the seller will get from this Rs. x instalment = x(1 + r/100)^3
After 2nd year, you will again pay Rs. x and the seller will earn interest on this Rs. x for 2 years.
The amount which the seller will get from this Rs. x instalment = x(1 + r/100)^2
After 3rd year, you will again pay Rs. x and the seller will earn interest on this Rs. x for 1 year.
The amount which the seller will get from this Rs. x instalment = x(1 + r/100)^1
After 4th year, you will pay Rs. x and your debt would be paid in full (no interest on this Rs. x)
The amount which the seller will get from this Rs. x instalment = x
Now let's add all the above four amounts to get the total amount the seller would get from all the instalments =
x(1 + r/100)^3 + x(1 + r/100)^2 + x(1 + r/100)^1 + x ... (1)
x(1 + r/100)^3 + x(1 + r/100)^2 + x(1 + r/100)^1 + x ... (1)
Now, had you paid Rs. 1 lakh in one go (without going for the instalment route), then the amount received by the seller after 4 years would have been = 100000(1+r/100)^4 ... (2)
Now (1) should be equal to (2) because only then the two routes (instalment route and direct payment route) will give the same return and seller would have no problem in giving you the iPhone in instalments.
100000(1+r/100)^4 = x(1 + r/100)^3 + x(1 + r/100)^2 + x(1 + r/100)^1 + x
[Remember the above equation for solving questions of compound interest]
P + P*r*4/100 = (x + x*r*3/100) + (x + x*r*2/100) + (x + x*r*1/100) + x
[Remember the above equation for solving questions of simple interest]
Although for Simple Interest, we have a direct formula-
The annual instalment value is given by-
[Remember the above equation for solving questions of compound interest]
P + P*r*4/100 = (x + x*r*3/100) + (x + x*r*2/100) + (x + x*r*1/100) + x
[Remember the above equation for solving questions of simple interest]
Although for Simple Interest, we have a direct formula-
The annual instalment value is given by-
Type 1(Amount is given):
When the language the question is like "what annual payment will discharge a debt of ...", it means the Amount is given in the question.
In this question, the Amount(A) is given, i.e., Rs. 6450. So we can apply the formula directly
Here A = 6450, r = 5%, t = 4 years
Solution : 100*6450/[100*4 + 5*4*3/4]
Answer : 1500
Type 2 (Principal is given) :
Q. 5) A sum of Rs. 6450 is borrowed at 5% simple interest and is paid back in 4 equal annual installments. What is amount of each installment?
Here the sum is given. Sum means Principal.
But our formula requires Amount(A)
So we will calculate Amount from this Principal
A = P + SI = 6450 + 6450*5*4/100 = Rs. 7740
But our formula requires Amount(A)
So we will calculate Amount from this Principal
A = P + SI = 6450 + 6450*5*4/100 = Rs. 7740
Now put the values in the formula
A = 7740, r = 5%, t = 4
Annual instalment = 100*7740/(100*4 + 5*4*3/2)
A = 7740, r = 5%, t = 4
Annual instalment = 100*7740/(100*4 + 5*4*3/2)
Answer : Rs. 1800
Q. 6) 
"Sum borrowed" means Principal.
This question is of Compound Interest and hence we cant apply the direct formula. We will solve this question with the help of the equation we derived earlier.
P(1+r/100)^2 = x(1+r/100) + x
P(1 + 5/100)^2 = 17640(1 + 5/100) + 17640
Solve for P, you will get P = Rs.32800
Answer : (B)
Answer : (B)
Q. 7) What annual instalment will discharge a loan of Rs. 66000, due in 3 years at 10% Compound Interest?
Solution : Here again the question is of "Compound Interest" and hence we will solve it by equation :
Let each annual instalment be of Rs. x. Note that in this question, amount is given
Amount = x(1 + 10/100)^2 + x(1 + 10/100)^1 + x
66000 = x (1.21 + 1.1 + 1)
So x = Rs. 19939.58
Q. 8) What annual instalment will discharge a loan of Rs. 66000, due in 3 years at 10% Simple Interest?
I have just converted Q.7 into Simple Interest
Now we can either solve it by direct formula, or by equation
By Equation method :
66000 = (x + x*10*2/100) + (x + x*10*1/100) + x
66000 = x(3 + 0.2 + 0.1)
x = Rs. 20000
By Direct formula method :
A = 66000, t = 3, r = 10%
x = 100A/[100t + t(t-1)r/2]
x = 100*66000/[100*3 + 3*2*10/2]
x = 6600000/(300 + 30)
x = Rs. 20000
Don't forget to read Part - 2
To buy the super-hit SSC Hack-Book, follow the below link-
Buy SSC Hack-Book
Very useful sir with proper proofs. Thanks a lot. Waiting for part 2.
ReplyDeleteIn Q.4 if annual instalment is 1500, it becomes 6000 in 4 years which is less than principal amount of 6450. How is it possible sir?
ReplyDeleteRs. 6450 is not the principal. It is the amount.
DeletePrincipal is the actual money borrowed.
Amount is what you get after adding interest to Principal.
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteX=2-2^1/3+2^2/3
ReplyDeleteThen x^3-6x^2+18x+18 is
Short solution
Sir mai jat community se belong karti hu Madhya Pradesh mai I m coming under obc so I filled obc categories in SSC cgl form kya mai registration k baad change kar sakti hu
ReplyDeleteYou cant change it now. Everything will be sorted out during document verification. Don't worry...
DeleteThank u so much sir for clearing that doubt even I think ki baad mai reject kardegye so mai exam hi nhi deti baad mai kota basis pai prob toh nhi hogi na
DeleteThank u so much sir for clearing that doubt even I think ki baad mai reject kardegye so mai exam hi nhi deti baad mai kota basis pai prob toh nhi hogi na
DeleteSir mai jat community se belong karti hu Madhya Pradesh mai I m coming under obc so I filled obc categories in SSC cgl form kya mai registration k baad change kar sakti hu
ReplyDeletesir plz post shortcuts of matrix type ques. in reasoning
ReplyDeleteThnkyou so so mch :)
ReplyDeleteSir ur way of explaining d things is jst awsm.. :)
ReplyDelete.. Thank u so mch ..
Thnkyou so so mch :)
ReplyDeleteCan you derive the annual investment direct formula?
ReplyDeleteDivide 2379 into 3 parts so that their amounts after 2,3 and 4 years respectively may be equal, the rate of interest being 5 % p.a. at simple interest. The first part is?
ReplyDeleteIf X+1/X = 2 then find the value of (X^2 + 1/X^2)×(X^3+1/X^3) . Please provide trick to solve these type of questions . I can solve them with my method but that takes 15 minute or more. Plz reply
ReplyDeleteThis comment has been removed by the author.
DeleteIf x+1/x =1 then the value of (x^2+3x+1)/(x^2+7x+1) is
ReplyDelete@Neelkamal Sharma,from x+1/x, we get x^2-x+1=0 (1)
Deleteadding 4x &8x on (1),we get num and den respectively.
so answer is 4x/8x=1/2.
Hope ur doubt is cleared:-)
Ye to clear H bhai uper wale ka kuch batao ....
Delete@neelkamal : if x+1/x = 2, that means x=1
DeleteThanks bhai .
DeleteThank you so much bro...ur tricks r so useful...
ReplyDeleteN one small doubt in question no.3..interest for a number of days... While calculating Am getting answer Rs. 1.148 instead Rs.4.59.. Can you please tell me whats the correct answer bro. Thank you
No, it is 4.59 only...please check again...
DeleteOhh s thank u bro its my mistake...got it.. N thank u again waiting for more tricks...
DeleteI didn't get it. Where you added 4x and 8x ?
ReplyDeleteadded those o n eqn (1) ie x^2-x+1+4x=0+4x
DeleteLHS gives our num erator
and x^2-x+x+8x=0+8x
LHS gives our denominator
now num/den=4x/8x=1/2
hope it is clear
Saab General Awareness kaise prepare karu batao na saab...mai garib admi saab...please saab
ReplyDeleteSir ,can we go with the same installment formula for SI and CI ??
ReplyDeleteplease help me with the below question
ReplyDeleteWhat annual payment will discharge a debt of 1025 due in 2 years at the rate of 5% compound interest?
thanx in advance
I have updated my article. Please read the "annual instalments" part again.
DeleteYou can't use the same formula for CI and SI. The direct formula is applicable only for SI.
CI questions are solved by equation. The equation for your question will be :
1025 = x(1+5/100)^1 + x
1025 = 1.05x + x
x = Rs. 500
Answer is Rs. 500.
You may find Rs. 551 as the answer to this question. But that is wrong because the people who are calculating it to be Rs. 551 are taking Rs. 1025 as the Principal. But 1025 is the Amount...
So don't worry...
wow..that was a gracious reply and indeed they considered it as principal..Thanx for your time
DeleteIs it complsry to have domicile of haryana for haryana ssc exam...?
ReplyDeleteGot it sir thankyou :-)
ReplyDeleteThis comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDelete"Amount received after 2 years = 10000(1 + 2.5/100)^4 = Rs. 11038 approx"
ReplyDeleteHi,
Can you please tell how you calculated (1.025)^4
Also, there seems to be a typing error in Q.1 "Solution : [(6 - 1)/(3 - 1)] * 4 = 5/2 * 5 = 12.5 years". The '4' should be actually '5'.
Thanks,
Shriram
Thanks for pointing out the typo...and I calculated (1.025)^4 with the help of calculator as I was just trying to explain a concept :)
ReplyDeleteIn q.3...why should 3rd march be omitted??
ReplyDeleteSir what is the meaning of this
ReplyDeletequestion
What is the present value of 132 rupees due in 2 years at 5% simple interest per annum?
Ra. 132 is the amount
ReplyDeleteSI = Prt/100
A - P = Prt/100 [Since Amount(A) = P + SI]
132 - P = P*5*2/100
Calculate P from above
P = Rs. 120
compound interest for 2 years on a certain sum of money is 156 and for 3 years on the same money is 254 then what is the rate %.
ReplyDeleteThis comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteSir please check the calculation for question no. 6 and 7.
ReplyDelete